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William Chauvenet
William Chauvenet (24 May 1820 in Milford, Pennsylvania – 13 December 1870 in St. Paul, Minnesota) was a professor of mathematics, astronomy, navigation, and surveying who was instrumental in the establishment of the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and later the second chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis. Early life William Chauvenet was born on a farm near Milford, Pennsylvania to Guillaume Marc Chauvenet, a former soldier of Napoleon's army who reconverted in silk trade after the Emperor's fall, and Mary B. Kerr and was raised in Philadelphia. He entered Yale University at age 16, and graduated in 1840 with high honors. While at Yale, Chauvenet contributed to the school newspaper and was a pianist with the Beethoven Society. He was one of eight founding members of the Skull and Bones Society. United States Navy In 1841, he was appointed a professor of mathematics in the United States Navy, and for a while served on the USS ''Mississippi'' teaching ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Association For The Advancement Of Science
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is a United States–based international nonprofit with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting science education, scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity. AAAS was the first permanent organization established to promote science and engineering nationally and to represent the interests of American researchers from across all scientific fields. It is the world's largest general scientific society, with over 120,000 members, and is the publisher of the well-known scientific journal ''Science (journal), Science''. History Creation The American Association for the Advancement of Science was created on September 20, 1848, at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was a reformation of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists with the broaden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1870 Deaths
Events January * January 1 ** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England. ** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. * January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins in New York City. * January 6 – The ''Musikverein'', Vienna, is inaugurated in Austria-Hungary. * January 10 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil. * January 15 – A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey (''A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion'' by Thomas Nast for ''Harper's Weekly''). * January 23 – Marias Massacre: U.S. soldiers attack a peaceful camp of Piegan Blackfeet Indians, led by chief Heavy Runner. * January 26 – Reconstruction Era (United States): Virginia rejoins the Union. This year it adopts a new Constitution, drawn up by John Curtiss Underwood, expanding suffrage to all male citizens over 21, including freedmen. * Januar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1820 Births
Events January–March *January 1 – A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament to meet on March 7, becoming the nominal beginning of the " Trienio Liberal" in Spain. *January 8 – The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 is signed between the sheikhs of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain and Ras Al Khaimah (later constituents of the Trucial States) in the Arabian Peninsula and the United Kingdom. *January 27 ( NS, January 15 OS) – An Imperial Russian Navy expedition, led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in '' Vostok'' with Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, sights the Antarctic ice sheet. *January 29 – George IV of the United Kingdom becomes the new British monarch upon the death his father King George III after 59 years on the throne. The elder George's death ends the 9-year period known as the British Regency. *January 30 – British Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield, an Irishman, becomes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chauvenet's Criterion
In statistical theory, Chauvenet's criterion (named for William Chauvenet) is a means of assessing whether one piece of experimental data from a set of observations is likely to be spurious – an outlier. Derivation The idea behind Chauvenet's criterion finds a probability band that reasonably contains all ''n'' samples of a data set, centred on the mean of a normal distribution. By doing this, any data point from the ''n'' samples that lies outside this probability band can be considered an outlier, removed from the data set, and a new mean and standard deviation based on the remaining values and new sample size can be calculated. This identification of the outliers will be achieved by finding the number of standard deviations that correspond to the bounds of the probability band around the mean (D_) and comparing that value to the absolute value of the difference between the suspected outliers and the mean divided by the sample standard deviation (Eq.1). where * D_ is the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Besselian Elements
The Besselian elements are a set of values used to calculate and predict the local circumstances of occultations for an observer on Earth. This method is particularly used for solar eclipses, but is also applied for occultations of stars or planets by the Moon and transits of Venus or Mercury. In addition, for lunar eclipses a similar method is used, in which the shadow is cast on the Moon instead of the Earth. For solar eclipses, the Besselian elements are used to calculate the path of the umbra and penumbra on the Earth's surface, and hence the circumstances of the eclipse at a specific location. This method was developed in the 1820s by the German mathematician and astronomer, Friedrich Bessel, and later improved by William Chauvenet. The basic concept is that Besselian elements describe the movement of the shadow cast by the occulting body – for solar eclipses this is the shadow of the Moon – on a specifically chosen plane, called the ''fundamental plane''. Thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chauvenet (crater)
Chauvenet is a lunar impact crater that is located to the northeast of the prominent crater Tsiolkovskiy on the far side of the Moon. Less than one crater diameter to the northwest of Chauvenet is the crater Ten Bruggencate. The rim of this crater is roughly circular, with the satellite crater Chauvenet C overlying the northeastern side and intruding into the interior. A ridge runs from the western side of this intruding feature to the midpoint of the interior of Chauvenet. The remainder of the floor is marked only by a number of tiny craters. There is a shelf of slumped material forming a terrace along the southeast inner wall. The remainder of the inner wall is somewhat irregular in form. The crater was named after American astronomer and mathematician William Chauvenet by the IAU in 1970. The crater was known as ''Crater 290'' prior to naming. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
USS Chauvenet (AGS-11)
USS ''Chauvenet'' (AGS-11/YMS-195) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was constructed as USS ''YMS-195'' at the Hiltebrant Dry Dock Company of Kingston, New York, and was laid down on 3 April 1942, launched on 10 August 1942, and commissioned on 20 March 1943. On 20 March 1945, ''YMS-195'' was reclassified as a survey ship and redesignated USS ''Chauvenet'' (AGS-11). After decommissioning, ''Chauvenet'' was sold to a British firm in 1947 and renamed ''Zipper''. She was lost off South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ... in a storm in 1963. References * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Chauvenet (AGS-11) YMS-1-class minesweepers of the United States Navy Ships built in Kingston, New York 1942 ships World War II minesweepers of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chauvenet Prize
The Chauvenet Prize is an annual award given by the Mathematical Association of America in recognition of an outstanding expository article on a mathematical topic. It consists of a prize of $1,000 and a certificate. The Chauvenet Prize was the first award established by the Mathematical Association of America. The prize is named in honor of William Chauvenet and was established through a gift from J. L. Coolidge in 1925. A gift from MAA president Walter B. Ford in 1928 allowed the award to be given every three years instead of the originally planned 5 years. Winners *1925 G. A. Bliss *1929 T. H. Hildebrandt *1932 G. H. Hardy *1935 Dunham Jackson *1938 G. T. Whyburn *1941 Saunders Mac Lane *1944 R. H. Cameron *1947 Paul Halmos *1950 Mark Kac *1953 E. J. McShane *1956 Richard H. Bruck *1960 Cornelius Lanczos *1963 Philip J. Davis *1964 Leon Henkin *1965 Jack K. Hale & Joseph P. LaSalle *1967 Guido Weiss *1968 Mark Kac *1970 Shiing Shen Chern *1971 Norman Levinson ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematical Association Of America
The Mathematical Association of America (MAA) is a professional society that focuses on mathematics accessible at the undergraduate level. Members include university A university () is an educational institution, institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly ..., college, and high school teachers; graduate and undergraduate students; pure and applied mathematicians; computer scientists; statisticians; and many others in academia, government, business, and industry. The MAA was founded in 1915 and is headquartered at 11 Dupont in the Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The organization publishes mathematics journals and books, including the ''American Mathematical Monthly'' (established in 1894 by Benjamin Finkel), the most widely read mathematics journal in the world according to re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bellefontaine Cemetery
Bellefontaine Cemetery is a nonprofit, non-denominational cemetery and arboretum in St. Louis, Missouri. Founded in 1849 as a rural cemetery, Bellefontaine has several architecturally significant monuments and mausoleums such as the Louis Sullivan-designed Wainwright Tomb, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The cemetery contains of land and over 87,000 graves, including those of William Clark, Adolphus Busch, Thomas Hart Benton, Rush Limbaugh, and William S. Burroughs. It has many Union and Confederate soldiers from the American Civil War, and local and state politicians. It has the largest collection of private and family mausoleums and sarcophagi in Missouri. Overview The cemetery contains the graves of many prominent American pioneers, businesspeople, politicians, and generals who are significant figures in the history of St. Louis and the United States. Its oldest graves are from 1816, located on pioneer Edward Hempstead's family lot. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eads Bridge
The Eads Bridge is a combined road and railway bridge over the Mississippi River connecting the cities of St. Louis, Missouri, and East St. Louis, Illinois. It is located on the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, St. Louis, Laclede's Landing to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch to the south. The bridge is named for its designer and builder, James Buchanan Eads. Work on the bridge began in 1867, and it was completed in 1874. The Eads Bridge was the first bridge across the Mississippi south of the Missouri River. Earlier bridges were located north of the Missouri, where the Mississippi is narrower. None of the earlier bridges survived, which means that the Eads Bridge is also the oldest bridge on the river. To accommodate the massive size and strength of the Mississippi River, the Eads Bridge required a number of engineering feats. It pioneered the large-scale use of crucible steel, steel as a structural material, leading the shift from wrought-iron as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
